Budgeting for Your Indie Novel

Planning for Your Indie Novel Planning for Your Indie Novel Michael Doane is the writer of  The Crossingâ and book tactician at Writing Inbound. When he’s not composing books, he’s working with different writers to advance, dispatch, and sell their books. In this article, he discusses the spending he set for independently publishing his presentation novel, The Crossing and how he had the option to adhere to it. A couple of months prior, Reedsy set up an exhaustive infographic on what it expenses to independently publish a book. The infographic separates costs related with the different phases of altering just as spread structure and typesetting. As indicated by the information, a 60,000 word book will cost you a normal of $5,260 on the off chance that you buy each help separately. That’s a considerable measure of cash if you’re going into independently publishing just because and aren’t creating any income from your books yet.While Reedsy has the information on normal expenses, I’d like to share what writers truly care around: a story. My presentation novel, The Crossing is just shy of 60,000 words, so I’m going to pass judgment on my own advancement facing Reedsy’s $5,260 average.My budgetWhen I quit fooling around about distributing, I set a financial plan of $3,500 on altering and configuration administrations. This was cash I had in my PayPal account from helping different writers showcase their books. That implied I needed to discover easy routes and choices to reduce expenses and set aside myself cash. One thing I wasn’t ready to settle on, notwithstanding, was quality.This would have been a remarkable test: spare about half on proficient distributing administrations and STILL come to showcase with a quality, expertly structured item that’s been screened by first class editors. I additionally didn’t need to deal with experts by arranging superfluous discounts.Spoiler alert: I had the option to remain inside budget.The steps I took to prepare my book to self-publish1. I began with myself†¦The first thing I did was perused my own book. I read it basically and made parts and bunches of notes. At that point I altered the thing. I cut around 15,000 words from the primary draft and added an extra 7,000 words to the manuscript.Then I did it once more. I re-read, cut, and re-composed. It’s difficult. Some may even call it soul-breaking. The thing is†¦ it’s necessary.I made The Crossing the most ideal item I could make all alone before imparting it to anyone.2. I imparted to companions and family†¦I have an interesting tale about the consummation of The Crossing†¦It is late, about 1am on a Tuesday night, and I need to get up for work at 5am the following morning. My better half, Emily, is forever my first-peruser and she is simply completing the primary draft of the composition. She is so disillusioned with the consummation that she awakens me, shaking me. â€Å"Mike, Mike. What theâ⠂¬ ¦!? This book is SO GOOD, yet the ending†¦Ã¢â‚¬ It was so terrible, she stated, she couldn’t rest. I love my better half, so I got up and kept in touch with her an adequate consummation. I was up until about 2am creation it work. I took it back to her and watched her read it. â€Å"This is better,† she stated, â€Å"but still not as well as can be expected be.†It took three additional attempts and two editors to get to the most ideal closure - the one that made her cry!All this to state, it’s essential to impart to loved ones. The majority of them will disclose to you they like it (giving you a slight lift in certainty). The best ones will be absolutely fair with you and urge you to make craftsmanship that’s excellent and advantageous. Offer your composition with companions. It'll urge you to make something worthwhile.†@medoane 3. I enrolled a little yet committed gathering of beta readers†¦My beta perusers are my most significant resource. Seriously.I put it out there - on my blog and web based life - that I was searching for individuals to peruse my book and give input. Around 50 individuals joined and out of those 50, around 15 gave me great, important feedback.I sent my original copy for The Crossing to them no hidden obligations and, over a couple of months, planned calls and traded messages with them to request direct criticism. I had an assorted gathering, who gave me astounding point of view on my work.Once I was done with every one of my calls and messages with my beta perusers, I made one more round of individual alters dependent on the feedback.4. I hiredâ an proofreader for an assessment†¦At this point, I knew there was minimal more I could do all alone and with the genuineness and support of my companions, family, and beta perusers. I went to Reedsy and put out recommendations for a publication assessment.I wound up employing Rebecca Heyman, who was not the most affordable nor the most costly of the five editors I’d connected to.While I don’t need to share precisely what I paid for her administrations, I’ll state that it was (what I thought at that point) a major wad of cash. I’ll likewise state that the large wad of cash was absolutely worth it.Becca conveyed a 8-page report enumerating the pieces of the account that worked and - all the more critically - the pieces of the story that didn’t work. We at that point had a quite warmed discussion through Skype about subtleties and alternatives.The best piece of working with Becca is that she took me back to earth, tore down the difficult work I’d effectively done, and pointed me back to the drawing board.What an article appraisal accomplishes for a writer is give viewpoint. It gives you bits of knowledge on your work from an accomplished proficient. Becca had the option to make a far reaching outline of my composition for The Crossing and assist me with refining it to a publishable work. What an article evaluation truly gives a writer is perspective.† @medoane 5. I returned to the drawing board†¦I didn’t make all the alters Becca recommended (there’s that opportunity of independently publishing becoming possibly the most important factor), yet what I did was re-perused the book with open-minded perspectives and watched out for the issue zones that Becca brought up. I wound up cutting and including much more. Re-read, re-consider, re-compose. That’s what it’s all about.Then I selected progressively beta perusers and had a couple from the first gathering have another go at it and give me input. This time they were giving me pointers on the account, yet in addition syntax and spelling.6. I recruited aâ cover designer†¦While my beta perusers were occupied with perusing, I returned to Reedsy and put out statements for a spread planner. I wound up going with Matthew Cobb, who just so happens to be a Reedsy fellow benefactor as well.We invested energy going to and fro on various emphasess and I had the optio n to have unlimited authority over the last product.7. I employed copyeditor/proofreader†¦Since I utilized such a significant number of different assets, similar to my beta perusers, for copyediting and substance improvement, I put out a last round of recommendations on Reedsy for a blend of copyediting and editing administrations. I wound up employing Rachel Small.Rachel’s profile referenced that she managed YA, transitioning, and travel stories, so I realized I needed to work with her before I even heard any reactions back. I additionally read Reedsy author Stacey Dyer’s article about working with Rachel, which appeared to be a great, cooperative procedure. Fortunately, Rachel returned with a statement on point with what I expected to pay.At this point The Crossing was a really strong, last, and publishable story. I read through once again, made a large portion of the alters Rachel recommended, and made a few changes to the account that the beta perusers had p roposed (such moving around sections, and including some disregarded elements).8. Iâ did my own typesettingWith the normal expense of typesetting being $840 (as indicated by Reedsy’s infographic),â this could’ve effectively been the cost that took me over spending plan. Be that as it may, I utilized the free Reedsy Book Editorâ to do the typesetting for me. You basically reorder your sections into the apparatus (or use it to compose your book), at that point hit fare and you prepare a decent print PDF and digital book peruser agreeable ePub file.So, what does independently publishing a book truly cost?Time! Composing, altering, figuring out how to distribute, working with different editors and beta perusers, imparting to loved ones and hanging tight for a reaction. Having your work torn somewhere around editors so you can develop it back. Persistence and exertion. This is simply the genuine cost distributing. Time is simply the genuine expense publishing.@medoane From the time my first draft was finished until the time the book was distributed, everything took around two years. I moved toward it like a subsequent activity and burned through several hours, during evenings and ends of the week, figuring out how to distribute a book. Be that as it may, if you’re up to learning new procedures, putting out the forthright ventures, and working with a group of talented experts, the expenses positively are worth it.Thankfully, I had the option to adhere to the spending I set for myself. As indicated by my $3500 spending plan, I spent a normal of $145 every month in costs, and in the event that I extended past my financial plan to the normal cost dependent on Reedsy’s infographic, it despite everything would have just been about $219 every month. With my present deals numbers, I’m set to make back these expenses inside the following not many months.What’s next?Here is someâ last minute guidance for the individuals who are prepared to take the equivalent path:Set a financial plan before anything else.Find a crowd of people early.Promote to companions and family.Engage your beta readers.Hire an expert manager (or two).Get an all around planned cover.Learn as much as possible about the industry.Network with other authors.If you’re a conscientious and you need to sidestep the distributing industry’s formality, at that point independently publishing is certainly worth the expense. Simply realize that it’s a lengthy, difficult experience if you’re going to do it right - and come into it with an entrepreneur’s point of view, in light of the fact that youâ need to put away cash

An Assignment on Web Design Free Essays

I have been given the assignment to plan an online individual arrangement of myself focused on potential managers. The site capacities as an online resume for managers to see at their relaxation. It will have number of pages containing information that would be looked for after by businesses. We will compose a custom article test on An Assignment on Web Design or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now The weapon must be planned in a manner that would interest bosses in the field I wish to be recruited in. I have decided to promote myself as an understudy concentrating to be a product engineer. Objectives The arranged site must be in any event five pages long, must be intended to suit my intended interest group being potential bosses, must have a reliable and proper structure and ought to have a fitting and satisfying visual plan. Usage isn't fundamental for this venture. So as to best suit the arranged site to the intended interest group I intend to make two persona of potential managers and from them four situations, the assignment just requires one persona and two situations however I accept that one isn't sufficient to cover every single potential business. So as to make conceivable execution effective the substance of the site must be sketched out, composed, arranges and appropriately organized. Alongside the composed substance a progression of wire casings will be made showing the physical format of the site just as the area of the substance inside the pages. Going with the wire outlines a progression of screen mock ups will be provided showing a potential style to be utilized. These will accompany a style control specifying highlights in the false ups. Crowd: Analyzing my intended interest group is the most significant component in making an effective weapon. A legitimate investigation can bring about highlights of the weapon that will effectively allure my intended interest group, being potential businesses, to appropriately peruse the weapon. A decent method to investigations an intended interest group is through the production of persona. A persona is the profile of a fanciful individual that shows thee qualities normal to an intended interest group. The following are two persona with two situations each. Persona 1: Mark †Founder of another product organization â€Å"l am hoping to develop my product company’ Mark Hayward is a youthful business visionary hoping to assemble his product organization â€Å"Seasons†, an organization began by Mark and a couple of his companions from University. He is hoping to recruit some more individuals to grow his organization. Name: Mark Hayward Type: Intelligent and Ambitious Role: Founder of his Software Company Male * Age 26 * Full Time * Upper †Middle class * Intelligent * Interested in programming * Organized * Motivated * Ambitious * youthful Goals: * Expand his organization * Create inventive items * Become a significant player in IT Motivations: * A furious enthusiasm for programming * A requirement for achievement Scenario: 1 . Imprint is searching for a couple of University understudies considering IT to recruit as armature programming engineers so as to extend his product organization. Upon a snappy web search he sees a connect to my online portfolio. After perusing the weapon he sends me an email offering me a meeting. 2. I hear Marks Software Company is recruiting armature programming engineers, I discover his email address and send him an email with a connect to my online portfolio. He sees my email and follows the connection. In the wake of perusing the weapon he sends me an email offering me a meeting. Persona 2: Shame †Employment chief at Code Valley â€Å"l oversee work for the product organization Code Valley’ Shame Mason is the business director at Code Valley. He looks for potential workers for the organization and gets them through the meeting procedure. Name: Shame Mason Type: Office laborer, moderately aged Role: Employment administrator Key Characteristics: * Age 45 * Upper-Middle class Steady life * Dedicated to his Job * Has a consistent life * Work hard and ascend the company pecking order * Improve his way of life * Do a great job * Climbing the stepping stool * Making cash * Doing a great job 1 . Disgrace is searching for potential representatives later on by offering temporary jobs to college understudies. He scans for potential workers on the web and finds a connect to my own portfolio. In the wake of perusing the weapon he sends me an email offering me a meeting 2. I meet Shame at a professions expo, I record the URL of my online individual portfolio and offer it to him. Half a month later he visits my weapons store portfolio and subsequent to perusing it sends me an email offering me a meeting. Content Outline Structure: Content diagram: Home Page: The landing page will be genuinely essential containing an image of myself and a couple of lines of content inviting the potential business to the site. It will be of a similar structure as every other page with joins along the top connecting to different pages. About page: The about page will be more unpredictable than the landing page. It will contain an image of myself nearby three zones of content. The principal territory of content will be a statement identifying with the calling I want to enter, being programming designing. The two different zones of content will be of a littler measure and identify with my expert encounters and individual life. This page’s design is to instruct the potential business on what sort of individual I am just as what business related encounters I have had that would make me a solid customer for a situation in their organization. Contact page: The contact page’s reason for existing is to give the potential boss a simple and speedy approach to send me messages or Job offers on the weapon. I accept it’s essential to offer a practically easy method of reaching me in order to expel the chance of being expelled as a potential worker due to being hard to contact. The page itself is genuinely uncovered, it comprises of three content zones for client information and headings marking them. The main content territory is for the name of the individual reaching me, the second is for their email so I can answer to their messages and the third is for the real message. The catch underneath the last content region when clicked will sent the inputted information to me as an email. Capabilities: The capabilities page is a simply enlightening page. It contains subtleties of any declarations or other authority accreditations I have in drop down menu’s. When in reduced structure all that is shown is the title of the affirmation, when extended a value portrayal is provided alongside a PDF download connection of the official report. References: The references page Contains a progression of tiles containing subtleties of references I have gotten. Each tile contains a title of where I picked up the reference just as a concise portrayal of the reference and a PDF download of the letter of than my own. Webpage Map: Below is the website map for my arranged site. It shows all the pages arranged just as what pages connect to one another. Being such a little site all pages connect to one another to permit potential bosses to peruse without any problem. Wire Frames: Wireless for each arranged page are shown underneath. All remote are made utilizing Adobe Fireworks CSS. Landing page: Below is the arranged format of the Home page. About Page: Below is the arranged format of the About page. Contact page: Below is the arranged format of the Contact page. Capabilities Page: Below is the arranged format of the Qualifications page. Work Page: Below is the arranged format of the Employment page. Visual Design Style Guide: Below is the fundamental style guide of my arranged site. Components like textual style styles and sizes just as some hexadecimal shading codes for a couple of parts of the page. None of Hess plans are unequivocal as the confinements of HTML and CSS have not been completely considered. Foundation: Image document rehashed Background: Image record rehashed Heading(h2o): size †select, Font †Bauhaus 93 Heading (Hal): size †pick, Font †Bauhaus 93 Content foundation: #EDDIED rehashed Borders: #OFF, strong Text(p): size †pick, Font †Bauhaus 93 Image Screen Mock-ups: Below are my screen mock ups for each page arranged. They were totally made utilizing Adobe Fireworks CSS. Landing page: Below is the screen mock-up of the Home page. The following is the screen mock-up of the About page. Contact Page: Below is the screen mock-up of the Contact page. The following is the screen mock-up of the Qualifications page. The following is the screen mock-up of the Employment page. Persuasive pages: Below are two pages I took motivation from in making my own page. Jason Julienne: http://Association. Com/about/Jeff Finley: http://www. ]Finley. Cloth/about/Design Rationale The undertaking I was offered was to structure an online individual arrangement of myself focused on potential bosses, its motivation being to work as a resume. I accept that the weapon I have structured would satisfy the necessities of this task just as the prerequisites of any potential business that may see it on the off chance that it is actualized. A significant part in structuring this weapon was to consider what sort of calling I would be keen on entering, this thought changed the whole way the site was masterminded and what substance was incorporated . For instance on the off chance that I had picked visual communication I would have needed to incorporate various works I had been engaged with just as tests of those works. The calling I decided to concentrate on was programming designing; this implied past works were excluded as they were not as significant as capabilities and past Jobs to potential managers. This change can be found in he format of the site having a page for capabilities and a page for references as opposed to driving capabilities and references into one page and including past works. The design of this weapon was made to be basic. I accept that in a weapon concentrating on promoting just a single individual unpredictability is bombastic and pointless. This is the reason I have made each page available by any single page. The format is made with the goal that e

Measuring Customer Expectations of Service Quality †Free Samples

Question: Talk about the Measuring Customer Expectations of Service Quality. Answer: Presentation: Malaysia carriers Limited has developed astoundingly to accomplish its present piece of the overall industry. The organization was conceived on twelfth October 1937 working as Malayan Airways Limited, after ten years the organization took to the skies with the main business trip as a national carrier. With the arrangement of Malaysia the organization appropriately changed its name to Malaysia Airlines Limited. The organization would later change its name to Malaysia-Singapore Airlines in 1965 when Singapore separated from Malaysia. In 1972, the establishing accomplices of the aviation routes went separate ways subsequently requiring difference in name. The organization accomplished an achievement in 2012 when it procured its first airbus A380-800 planning its course for London with the new airbus A380. After a year the carrier turned into a completely settled up individual from the lofty One World Alliance. The carrier is presently associated with more than 850 goals in 150 nations o ver the world. The organization additionally gloats of long record of greatness, hoarding in its positions more than 100 worldwide honors over the most recent multi decade. In 2014 the as of now monetarily stricken aircraft endured twofold disaster when flight MH370 on path from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing vanished with 239 travelers and team locally available. Just a couple of pieces have cleaned up, off Africas coast. Scarcely four months after the fact, flight MH17 detonated mid-air killing every one of the 298 individuals on board. The two calamities relegated the aircraft to conceivable liquidation. Clients abandoned the national transporter with poor open certainty levels influencing its benefit potential. The accomplished a gigantic 60% drop in its Chinese market, a key part of its gainfulness model left the profession near the very edge of collapse(Hussain, 2015). The legislature stepped in to protect the organization, siphoning billions of dollars to keep it above water. The organization keeps on rising up out of the shackles of these fiascos to graph its recuperation. The manageability of Malaysian Airline relies upon various elements that give a basic job in guaranteeing it comes back to productivity. This is progressively striking after the vanishing of flight MH370 that gouged open trust in the aircrafts. Thusly, the previously battling organization lost incomes and accumulated significant costs that contrarily influenced it survivability(Razali Vrontis 2010). The accompanying elements were singled out as having extraordinary effect on the endeavors to turn around its declining fortunes. The avionics business has keeps on grasping innovation. The ramifications of the consistently changing advancements imply that staying informed concerning the most recent innovation will go far to impact the market position of Malaysia carriers. A portion of the more remarkable mechanical changes in the aeronautics business incorporate the rise of the web of things (IoT). Basically this innovation permits different electronic gadgets that are fitted in a plane or some other framework to speak with one another with no assistance of a host computer(Vrontis et al 2010). The business has been dynamic in social affair information identified with this sort of innovation some time before aircrafts chose how to manage the rising innovation. Today this innovation is utilized in the upkeep and fix of the plane. MROs are in a situation to speak with sensors utilizing tablets permitting them to examine the airplane frameworks effectively and to see the parts that may require fix or substitution. The innovation can likewise speak with providers permitting them to distinguish parts whose life is approaching expiry (Fu et al 2010). This has prompted improved effectiveness. Automatons have likewise come into broad use. Because of inserted sensors in practically all regions of the airplane the automatons are utilized by MROs to pinpoint parts or frameworks right away. They can outwardly distinguish zones needing substitution. They are currently being utilized to check for lightning harms to business planes. Proceeded with globalization of business sectors including participants by first and second contestants State-controlled Malaysia Airlines is perhaps the most seasoned transporter in Asia. Like its significant adversaries Singapore Airlines and the Cathay Pacific, the aircrafts are doing combating serious rivalry from the most recent age of minimal effort carriers in the region(Lau Tong 2008). The expansion in minimal effort bearers, for example, Air Asia and Lion Air has squeezed the productivity edges of Malaysia aircrafts pushing income per traveler low. This to a limited extent is because of overcapacity in theregion dissimilar to what is guage in the worldwide business. Fourteen days after a twin debacle of flight MH370 and Boeing 777 in Ukraine struck the organization has conquered the genuine danger of chapter 11. Anyway the procedure of downsizing by eliminating unfruitful orlow pay courses has uncovered the aircraft helpless against extreme rivalry from the spending transporters. From a more extensive perspective, the developing intensity of the Chinese flight industry is prob ably going to eat further into the customary courses overwhelmed by Malaysia airlines(Chesbrough 2007). China keeps on modernizing and increment its armada of business carriers, taking advantage of the blasting, eager for travel center salary. Aeronautics industry has become a top need for Chinese specialists trying to stump their expanding worldwide impact bolstered by a solid economy. Besides, the organization as of late divulged a key union with the emirates aircrafts permitting Malaysia transporter to piggyback onto around ninety of the Emirates worldwide courses. Aircraft industry stays a profoundly serious industry and clients structure the most significant factor of the voyaging procedure. Other than improving the nature of administration and the wellbeing angle, consumer loyalty positions most noteworthy on need list(Tolpa 2012). The adjustment in taste can appear as work force association with clients or basically the sort of seat a client is dispensed on the flight. While business class travelers have gotten acquainted with full-level beds, travelers in the economy class have had barely any advancements to cheer about(Beh 2010). The improvement in the in-flight diversion, for example, on-board Wi-Fi has gone a little way giving a much needed diversion. The seat keeps on commanding conversations about the economy class. A few activities have been endeavored to build the solace of the feared center seat. A couple of carriers, for example, Bombardiers C arrangement airplane include a 3-2 design of seats with the center seat being extended m arginally. The aircraft has detailed positive input from travelers utilizing seat(Lazzarini 2015). A superior structure of themiddle seat will be a significant change in quest for consumer loyalty. Different organizations have thought of a totally different thought intended to accelerate boarding and increment legroom in the economy class. The isle seat can slide over the center seat to increaseaisle space. The general impact is that all travelers have an arm rest while simultaneously including a couple of creeps of width to the center seat. Changing Job Designs Data innovation transformation has had direct effect on the flying business employment and work showcase. Most occupations that were done physically have been robotized rendering a few workers repetitive (Hodgsonet al 2015). New advancements supplement utilize sensors that supplement non-standard and social assignments which improves profitability. These progressions imply that low ability employments have deteriorated and contracted in numbers while high expertise occupations have become all the more remunerating which has gone to expand the hole between wage uniformity. The advances in man-made reasoning have additionally exacerbated computerization of employments as they would now be able to perform subjective capacities. The concern is that in future even the high ability employments are probably going to be surpassed by machines. Considering the way that flying industry is one of the most proactive parts in retention of innovation, it implies that the impact of innovation in aff ecting administration choice is basic. Studies in the US and Europe recommend that most occupations are in danger of digitization(Bowen 2016). Aircrafts the board must factor the requirement for mechanization in the structure of occupations. In any case, inquire about additionally shows that lone 9% of employments over the twenty oneOECD nations are automatable. This suggests the danger of mechanization on occupations is a piece overestimated(Lonbani et al 2016). Occupation structure in the aeronautics business keeps on being affected by the ever-changing innovations and all the more explicitly mechanization. The capacity of an association to give quality items and administration will straightforwardly influence its achievement in the undeniably serious industry of aviation. These items must meet clients changing tastes and inclinations. The Aerospace Quality Management System Standards have been created to fill in as the premise whereupon industry principles are estimated. Any aircraft that endeavors to accomplish the best expectations must guarantee it agrees to the most recent guidelines(Santos Alvarez 2007). The AS 9100, AS 9110 and AS 9120 specifies commonly acknowledged global accepted procedures while tending to producers extraordinary necessities. AS9100 for example centers around key regions of security, item similarity, and airworthiness and dependability in the airspace. The AS 9110 then again, covers control of air fix plans, abilities and capabilities of MROs and setup the executives. The AS 9120 was intended to cover wholesalers of aviation things. It tries to addresses such perspectives as chain of authority, control and accessibility of records(Saunila et al 2014). The general ramifications of these measures are to guarantee wellbeing in the avionics business, advance interoperability of parts and bolster productivity in the business. Malaysia carrier needs to embrace the most recent measures so as to increase open confidence(Osman 2009). This is increasingly basic for Malaysia carrier considering the ongoing mid-air debacles of the ongoing past that have horribly gouged open trust in its security gauges. Worldwide Manufacturing Glob

Psychology Coursework About Non Verbal Communication - 550 Words

Psychology Coursework About Non Verbal Communication (Coursework Sample) Content: Nonverbal CommunicationName:Institution: Introduction Communication is important to human life since we rely on information for us to make decisions. It is, therefore, important for each person to ensure effective measures are put in place for him/her to convey the message in an appropriate manner. This paper focuses on the effectiveness of nonverbal communication by evaluating a case study involving two individuals who employed nonverbal skills in their discussion thus helping the viewer to make conclusions about their relationship. The scenarioOn a Monday afternoon, I decided to take a stroll to the park, sat at a siren corner to refresh my thoughts after a convincingly busy morning session at my workplace. At the far end, came a man and a woman walking in a manner that suggested their levels of interaction (lovers). Their dress code was enough to convince any onlooker that the individuals were economically stable due to the class of the materials used to develop th eir outfits. The man was in an official navy blue suit with a red shirt while the woman had a red blouse and a navy blue skirt. The code portrayed a clear indication of a well-planned session with a communicated theme of the day. It is then that they chose to relax at a site directly opposite from where I was sitting. The visual was clear and throughout their conversation I could observe their body language to depict the theme of their story which I am sure it resonated around love and affection. The distance between them could tell the kind of relationship the two had which can be described as INTIMATE SPACE from Hall's perspective. At some point, I could see them caress each other to show how much they loved one another through the HAPTIC COMMUNICATION skills. As the man talked, KINESIC COMMUNICATION could be evidenced since he kept on demonstrating ideas using his hands which could be assumed to be a way of emphasizing on the concepts being discussed. He made waves in the air and drew several patterns are best known to his counterpart, ...

The Harmful Myth Of Asian Superiority - 983 Words

All Asian Americans are good at math, or at least that’s what I heard. They are also good at anything involving technology, science, and medicine. They study all the time, work really hard and live a version of the American dream I never thought to dream of. Afterall they’re Asian, their parents wouldn’t allow for anything less. In his article â€Å"The Harmful Myth of Asian Superiority† the ethnic studies expert Ronald Takaki writes about the idea that Asian Americans are more successful than other American minority groups. Takaki refutes this idea using reason and statistics to show that Asian Americans still face some of the same hardships and barriers as every other racially defined group in America. Takaki’s word choice allows him manipulate statistics for his purpose of disproving the myth of model minority. The words Takaki choses to use in his article both strengthen his ethos as an educated Japanese American writer and weaken his argument against the model minority in terms of both logos and pathos. The cunning use of words in paragraph ten allows Takaki to raise his reader’s concern for the well-being of Asian refugees while remaining rather vague about whether or not the financial state of said refugees and their families is actually an issue. This paragraph is composed of only two sentences. In the first sentence Takaki writes that â€Å"Hmong and Mien refugees from Laos have unemployment rates that reach as high as 80 percent†. 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Some students tried to make an argument that race was biological based off the presence of certain traits that are seemingly specific to different races such as skin color, hair type, and the prevalence of certainRead MoreThe Origin Of The Dragon2970 Words   |  12 Pagesdegree of sense however, the bones would only give some idea of body structure and the physical characteristics would remain up the constructor (Kaplan). This explanation is improbable according to Kaplan because he points to the fact that dragon myths were alive in the ancient Mediterranean, despite the fact that the region is entirely â€Å"bereft† of dinosaur fossils (Kaplan). Isaacs adds to the discussion by claiming that although dragons se em to mimic dinosaurs according to evolutionary based assumptionsRead MoreGender and Power Relations2406 Words   |  10 Pagesviewed as an attack on the biblical model of the family that provides clear distinctions between man, woman and child. Accepting all tenants of one’s unquestionable faith is considered a person of faith (Sharmon, 2011). Societies in the Middle East, Asian and African countries are considered more inclined toward patriarchy and are usually lacking in substantial women’s rights. In these countries there are two related gender issues; one is attitudinal and based on beliefs and values and the other issueRead MoreEducation and Income as Primary Factors of Disparitites Essay2823 Words   |  12 Pagesmade of various races and ethnicities along with the minorities of this country. White, African-American, Asian, Native American and Hispanic, are the main racial ethnicities within the United States. Generally, there have always been conflicts between ethnic groups throughout history, but believe it or not most ethnic groups along within one another. The white race has always claimed superiority in the United States. It is so sad that decades after the Civil Rights Movement, racial disparities andRead MoreRenato Constantino - the Miseducation of the Filipino8179 Words   |  33 Pagesgeographical l ocation and by the innate potentiality of our people. We were one with our fellow Asians in believing that we were not cut out for an industrialized economy. That is why before the war, we looked down upon goods made in Japan despite the fact that Japan was already producing commodities at par with the West. We could never believe Japan, an Asian country, could attain the same superiority as America, Germany or Michael Charleston B. Chua, Greatworks readings, DLSU-Manila 7 England

Juvenile Offenders And The Criminal Justice System

is and how do we define it. According to The Free Dictionary recidivism is defined as â€Å"The behavior of a repeat or habitual criminal.† Juvenile offenders are studied on the re-offense that will occur and it is said that from 70% to 90% of offenders will re-offend. In the light of the criminal justice system and recidivism there is not actual consensus on what a criminal recidivism counts as, for example whether it counts as a repeat probation violation. National data that exist proves that 6 out of 10 juveniles return to juvenile court before their 18th birthday. You have to wonder to yourself reading and understanding this why does this happen. Why does 60% of juveniles that was already in the criminal justice system return again what are the factors that make this happen. The factors and explanations of the types of juveniles who recidivate or the reasons why they do it. Some factors include the age of their first offense, the type of offenses committed and their educ ational level obtained. The age of seventeen, it is discovered that 84% of juveniles that are in the system have had at least one prior and 53% of those at that age had seven or more referrals to the court. Its vital to understand that the concern of the juvenile recidivism rates are just getting higher each year and implementations need to happen so the rates can go down. Study have shown that the younger the age that the juvenile begins committing crimes that the higher likelihood that they willShow MoreRelatedJuvenile Offenders And The Criminal Justice System860 Words   |  4 PagesOnce youth is committed a crime he or she must face the criminal justice. Whether it is simple face to face contact with the police officer or trip to juvenile facility, juvenile is becoming part of the criminal justice system. For many youth it is their first contact with the justice system however for some others it is a very familiar process. So once juvenile is making face to face contact with t he police officers, his life is in the hands of that officer who can make very important and sometimeRead MoreShould Juvenile Offenders Be Punished?1423 Words   |  6 PagesAmericans, justice is important. When harm is done to most Americans, often victims of harm say they want the juvenile offender to pay for what he/she has done. Making someone pay for the harm they have caused is an easy concept when it comes to adult offenders; however, what about juvenile offenders? Should juvenile offenders be punished for what he/she has done? When victims want the juvenile offender to be punished for the harm they have caused, this is called retributive justice. Often AmericansRead MoreSimilarities and Differences Between the Juvenile Justice and Adult Criminal System835 Words   |  4 PagesRunning Head: JUVENILE V. CRIMINAL 1 Juvenile Justice System V. Criminal Justice System Ronda Cauchon CJ150-01 Professor Abreu Kaplan University October 9, 2012 JUVENILE V CRIMINAL 2 Juvenile Justice System V. Criminal Justice System In the earliest of times, juvenile offenders were treated theRead MoreThe Abolition Of The Juvenile Justice System1748 Words   |  7 PagesIn Canada, the juvenile court was established as a tribunal having the sole jurisdiction to hear, process as well as pass judgments for illegal behaviour that are committed by youths. This is a court system that fully distinguishes youths from adults as far as crime is concerned where their misconduct is labeled as delinquent acts rather than crime (Barry, 1987, p. 476). 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A distinct juveniles justice system commenced in the United States over 100 years ago. The first juvenile court was established in 1899. The system is founded under a range of core principles. First, juveniles are different from adults and hence need to be handled differently by the Justice System. Second, it is argued that juveniles differ from oneRead MoreThe Get-Tough Effectiveness Of Juvenile Recidivism. The1037 Words   |  5 PagesThe Get-Tough Effectiveness of Juvenile Recidivism The reason for this research paper is to examine the history and the purpose the juvenile system. We will also examine the history and effectiveness of the Get- tough Law on juvenile recidivism, followed with the overall conclusion of the research. The Juvenile justice system has undergone many changes since its establishment in the 1890s. These changes were implemented by the desire to have a justice system which is sensitive and responsive toRead MoreThe United States Juvenile Justice Court Was Based On The1325 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States juvenile justice court was based on the English parens patriae adopted in the United States as part of the legal tradition of England. But the efforts of the state to rehabilitate juvenile offenders with institutional treatment with the houses of refuge and reformatories failed. Today, the United States has 51 different juvenile court systems; the laws and statutes vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Thus, each state’s approach to handle the youth offenders is responsible forRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency : Should Severity Of Punishment For Young Offenders Be The Same As Adults?1200 Words   |  5 PagesJuvenile Delinquency: Should Severity of Punishment for Young Off enders Be the Same as Adults? Throughout centuries of development, crime and social safety are still the biggest concerns for a country since it can influence the political, economic, and social aspects. With the evolution of human civilization, more than seventy percent of the world has been urbanized into developed countries. These countries contain advanced technologies, highly-comprehensive policies and economic system. Along withRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System1313 Words   |  6 Pages Today s concept of the juvenile justice system is relatively new due to significant modifications in policy overtime. The justice system has been trying to figure out effective ways to treat juvenile criminal offenders successfully for years. The justice system did not always have a special category for juveniles and their crime. Juveniles was once treated as adults when they committed crimes and were subjected to harsh punishments. The juvenile court was the culmination of efforts of the positivist

Multicultural Education Piecing Together the Puzzle Essay Example For Students

Multicultural Education: Piecing Together the Puzzle Essay Multicultural Education: Piecing Together the Puzzle Multicultural Education: Piecing Together the Puzzle When a child opens his (or her) first puzzle and the pieces fall to the ground, it may seem very confusing. What are they to do with this pile of shapes in front of them? It often takes a parent to explain to them that all the different pieces fit together into one whole picture. Although every piece is different and unique, when they are all put into their place they form one whole picture. In the same way, teachers can teach multiculturalism in the classroom. Although every member of our society is unique, with different cultural backgrounds, we all fit together to form one unit. As stated by Noel (1995), Understanding our own identity and the culture of our community requires knowledge and recognition of our cultures and communities and how they have shaped us (p. 267). By adding a multicultural component to their curriculums, teachers can help students see how each individual fits into the big picture. There are, however, arguments against multicultural education (Banks, 1995). For example, some critics believe that multicultural education is directed toward only minority groups, thus discriminating against middle class, white, heterosexual males. Others believe that multiculturalism is against Western and democratic ideals. A final argument is the claim that multiculturalism will divide our presumably united nation. Although critics of multicultural education may feel they have valid arguments against the issue, I feel that the goals of multicultural education make it an important part of the curriculum that every student should experience. I agree with Wurzel (1988) and Noel (1995) when they stress awareness as a key component to multiculturalism. Students must become aware of their own culture and how they are similar and different from others. Awareness also involves an understanding of issues involving differences in culture and a knowledge of which of these issues are present in their community. After becoming aware of these issues, students often react emotionally. With an awareness of the richness and variety of cultures in their community and a personal emotional reaction, students can take social action, another goal of multicultural education (Noel, 1995). Noel says that students would take action aimed at positive multicultural change(p. 272). I feel that these goals are proof that the arguments against multicultural education are invalid (Banks, 1995). Multiculturalism promotes positive change for persons of all cultures. It involves not only teaching majority groups about minorities, but also teaching minority groups about the majority groups. It has its base in democratic ideals such as equality, freedom, and justice. Multiculturalism will unite our divided nation into one unit which will have no mainstream culture, but many diverse subcultures which will cooperate for the good of everyone, not just the majority or the minority. I feel very strongly that multiculturalism should be included in all curricula. My school experience (until college) didnt include multicultural perspectives and I feel as if I missed out on some important things. I often feel a little clueless when confronted with situations involving people different from me. Without some knowledge of our surroundings, how can we be expected to survive in society? This question reveals one of the purposes of education, survival. Learning about the other people who share our community is an essential part of this survival in modern society. Multiculturalism becomes increasingly important as our society becomes more diverse. In the past (Lynch, 1989), efforts to provide multicultural content to students have, as critics feared, created more diversity and tension among groups. However, more recent methods are aimed at creating relations based on commonalities. Lynch (1989) suggests providing a basis of common knowledge, skills, and insights about the things that all human societies should hold in common (p. 43). .ub19785cb672b4e551638a3cfa08dd8f1 , .ub19785cb672b4e551638a3cfa08dd8f1 .postImageUrl , .ub19785cb672b4e551638a3cfa08dd8f1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub19785cb672b4e551638a3cfa08dd8f1 , .ub19785cb672b4e551638a3cfa08dd8f1:hover , .ub19785cb672b4e551638a3cfa08dd8f1:visited , .ub19785cb672b4e551638a3cfa08dd8f1:active { border:0!important; } .ub19785cb672b4e551638a3cfa08dd8f1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub19785cb672b4e551638a3cfa08dd8f1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub19785cb672b4e551638a3cfa08dd8f1:active , .ub19785cb672b4e551638a3cfa08dd8f1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub19785cb672b4e551638a3cfa08dd8f1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub19785cb672b4e551638a3cfa08dd8f1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub19785cb672b4e551638a3cfa08dd8f1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub19785cb672b4e551638a3cfa08dd8f1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub19785cb672b4e551638a3cfa08dd8f1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub19785cb672b4e551638a3cfa08dd8f1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub19785cb672b4e551638a3cfa08dd8f1 .ub19785cb672b4e551638a3cfa08dd8f1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub19785cb672b4e551638a3cfa08dd8f1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Religious Beliefs Essay Stressing similarities will unify groups with differences. Davidman (1994) defines the goals of multicultural education as: (1) educational equity; (2) empowerment of students and their parents; (3) cultural pluralism in society; (4) understanding and harmony in the classroom, school, and community; (5) an expanded knowledge of various cultural and ethnic groups; and (6) the development of students, parents, and practitioners.. .guided by an informed and inquisitive multicultural perspective (p.2). Just as the goals stated by other crusaders for multiculturalism, Davidsons goals follow a specific order and stress knowledge, understanding, and equality. I believe that it is very necessary and completely conceivable for our education systems to move toward a multicultural curriculum. By following the goals I have mentioned, we can finally understand how the many pieces of our society fit together into one big picture. References Banks, J. .

Vegetarian Persuasive Essay free essay sample

Has this ever happened to you? I bet if you are a vegetarian that has happened to you, at least once. Finding a restaurant that has a menu that fits my diet is like finding a four-leafed clover in a large field, they’re rare but they are out there. Most fast food restaurants don’t have healthy vegetarian meals. Fast food places should know that 20% of Americans are vegetarians. Vegetarian choices are healthier but the popular fast food restaurants (McDonalds, Burger King, etc. ) which are everywhere turn their heads to this powerful statistic, leaving nowhere for vegetarians to turn. There should be more vegetarian choices in the more common restaurants. Those popular places are everywhere. But where does that leave healthy vegetarian restaurants? Nowhere well maybe in the far corner where nobody sees. Plus, the most popular fast food restaurant, McDonalds, has mainly meat products and hardly any foods made with lettuce. We will write a custom essay sample on Vegetarian Persuasive Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The very few restaurants that do have vegetarian choices are not as popular and are located in the places that no one sees, and if no one sees them, then nobody will go there. And we all know what happens to places when they don’t get enough money to pay the employees? The restaurant goes out of business. So guess what replaces that past vegetarian restaurant? A restaurant with only meat meals. And the cycle continues. If restaurants have more vegetarian meals they would be providing more healthy meals. If the restaurant is popular then people will try the new, healthy meals which are better than getting a fatty burger. Meat products are normally grilled or fried. When you grill or fry a piece of meat it gets greasy and raises the sodium, and calories. So if people choose a salad instead of a piece of fried chicken you would save extra fat, calories, sodium, and other unhealthy nutrients. Although it would be better for fast food restaurants to have more vegetarian meals, there are also a few reasons that they don’t have these healthier choices. The main reason is that if people don’t eat the vegetarian meals, the vegetables will rot. This can be costly and nobody wants a rotten salad. Although there are reasons to not have vegetarian meals, I believe that the health benefits far outweigh any other reason to substitute its counterpart. One last reason that people should get more vegetarian meals is because real people are vegetarians. I know it’s crazy, but 22. 8 million people, just in America, are vegetarian. That means 22. 8 million people struggle to find a fast food restaurant that conforms around their diet. Some vegetarians are vegetarian because it is a part of a religion or because their stomach can’t handle greasy foods and they get sick they don’t always choose to be a vegetarian. In conclusion, I believe that fast food restaurants should have more vegetarian options. Even though it is costly for fresh vegetables, there is a greater reason to have more vegetarian mealsyour health. I hope in the near future this is how the conversation at a drive through would be like, â€Å"Hello, would you like to try our new leafy green salad today? † â€Å"Sure,† And then vegetarians would be able to have fast food with the rest of their family.

Crystal Paper Snowflake Ornaments

Crystal Paper Snowflake Ornaments Make your own crystal snowflake ornaments by crystallizing borax onto homemade paper snowflakes. These sparkling snowflakes can be made in any size to suit your decorating needs. Materials for Crystal Snowflake Ornaments round paper coffee filtersboraxwaterscissorsfood coloring (optional) Make Crystal Snowflake Ornaments Cut a paper snowflake (or another shape) from the coffee filter.Prepare crystal solution by stirring borax into boiling water until no more will dissolve. Youll know the solution is ready if borax powder starts to accumulate on the bottom of your container.Add a drop of food coloring, if you want colored snowflake ornaments.Place the paper snowflake onto a plate or saucer. Pour the crystal solution over the snowflake, making sure it is completely covered.Allow crystals to grow on the snowflake until you are satisfied with their size. Small crystals take about an hour to form. You can allow the crystals to grow overnight if you want larger crystals.Pour off the crystal solution and carefully dislodge the crystal snowflake from the plate. This is best done with a fingernail or butter knife. You can remove any crystals that are stuck in the holes of the snowflake. Allow the crystal snowflake to fully dry before removing it and hanging it. Other Types of Crystal Snowflakes If you dont have borax, you can still do the project. You can substitute other salts, such as table salt, sea salt, or Epsom salts. Simply stir the salt into the hot water until no more will dissolve. Another option is to use sugar. Sugar crystals work the same way, but you dont need very much water to dissolve a lot of sugar. Start with a small amount of boiling water (perhaps a half cup) and stir in sugar until it stops dissolving. Another option is to boil water on a stove and add sugar. Let the sugar water cool a bit and pour it over a paper snowflake. Sugar solution gets very thick as it cools, so its best to use it while its still warm.

Marketing Mix and its Importance for the Marketers Essay

Marketing Mix and its Importance for the Marketers - Essay Example Over the years, more Ps have been identified to address the innovative features of the latest products and services. Lately, a set of four Cs has also been introduced by various theorists in an attempt to customize the four Ps so as to make them more customer-driven. According to Lauterborn, the four Cs represent consumer, communication, cost, and convenience (Burgers, 2008, p. 3). Shimizu has defined the four Cs as commodity, communication, cost, and channel (Solis, 2011, p. 201). Basically, commodity in C is the same as product in P, communication in C broadens the concept of promotion in P, cost in C is the replacement of price in P, whereas channel or convenience in C takes the concept of place in P to the next level. The product or commodity emphasizes on the importance of the physical attributes of the product or service that include but may not be limited to the size, weight, and dimensions of the product, and the materials used in it. Product is of immense importance because this is what the consumers need and the marketers’ entire marketing strategy is based on. In the contemporary age, one feature that the consumers are particularly interested in and which the marketers should thus place huge emphasis on is the innovation. Other factors that are also important include the product or service’s environment friendliness, and user friendliness. Price or cost is the aggregate of the entire values exchanged by the consumers. The price is determined by the benefits consumers are likely to attain by having the product or service being introduced by the marketers. This is the only factor in the marketing mix that determines the marketers’ revenues and thus, its role in the marketing objectives cannot be overestimated. Place is a very important element in the marketing mix and is extremely strategic in that the maximal success of the product or service depends upon the optimal location of its introduction in the market because a product or service would only be popular among the consumers if its features are consistent with their culture, norms, and values, in addition to their needs. Marketers employ the distribution channels to make their products and services available to the consumers. Place helps the marketers segment the products and services to ensure their optimal consumption. Marketers use promotion to advertise their products and services so that the consumers get to know about it. Promotion is also an equally strategic and important element of the marketing mix as place because maximal awareness about a product or service is created by advertising it on such platforms and mediums that are most commonly viewed and/or visited by the consumers. Various theories including the sets of Ps and Cs have been introduced to serve as a guideline for the marketers. Marketing mix helps the marketers to focus their attention and efforts in the right direction so that the product or service they introduce is not only of im mense value and use to the consumers but has enough scope in the market in the presence of similar products or services to earn the marketers their intended profits from making it. The marketing mix is of huge significance to the marketers because it facilitates them in the decision making both before the launch or a product or service and after it has been launched. Marketers use marketing mix modeling to achieve this. â€Å"Marketing mix modeling is a statistical analysis that links multiple variables, including marketing, sales activities, operations and external factors, to changes in consumer behavior, such as acquisition, sales, revenue, and retention† (Brooks, 2011, p. 2). Marketing mix model

CCNA SECURITY CASE STUDY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

CCNA SECURITY CASE STUDY - Essay Example The proposed network security policy as stated below specifically addresses access rights the minimum requirements for hardware buildup and the parameters and basis for audit and review. The Network Security Policy shall guide the access rights policy and set the parameters for the information security audit and review policy. The login policy including the password policy shall also be guided by the Network Security Policy (Whitman and Mattord). This paper shall also draft a procedure that will be responsive to the requirement of the Network Security Policy. The procedure will not only provide a detailed implementation of a specific intent of the policy it will also guide the operation and mechanism of the policy when implemented (Whitman and Mattord). Please note that the policies and procedures detailed in this paper is only recommendatory for the consideration and approval of the management of CMS. 2. Table of Contents 1.Summary 2 2.Table of Contents 3 3.Network Security Policy 4 I.Policy Declaration 4 II.Objective 4 III.Scope 4 IV.Definition and Abbreviations 5 V.Responsibilities 5 VI.General Requirements 7 V. Related Procedures 10 VI. Enforcement 10 4.Router Configuration Procedure 11 I.Purpose 11 II.Standard 12 III.Procedure 13 IV.Records Generated 14 5.Switch Configuration Procedure 14 I.Purpose 14 II.Procedure 14 A.Create and Administrative User 15 B.Storm Control 15 C.Protection against STP attacks 15 D.Port Security/Disabling unused ports 15 III.Useful Resources 15 3. Network Security Policy I. Policy Declaration CMS is in the business of providing health care services in line with its fiduciary and legal obligation this policy shall protect the privacy of its clients and employees by protecting the confidentiality, integrity and availability of all records, data, information entrusted to it. II. Objective The purpose of this policy is to outline the Network Security at CMS to be followed to ensure the confidentiality, availability and integrity for the purpose of protecting CMS, its client and employees. Inappropriate implementation exposes CMS to risks including virus attacks, compromise of network systems and services, and legal issues. III. Scope This policy applies to the whole CMS-Systems related Infrastructure and Equipments employees and customers. To achieve this goal, the following are required for implementation: Establish company-wide policies to protect the CMS networks and computer systems from abuse and inappropriate use. Establish mechanisms that will aid in the identification and prevention of abuse of networks and computer systems. Establish mechanisms that will limit the access and authorization of CMS personnel to information assets that balances role and job requirements and information security requirements. Establish mechanisms that will protect the reputation of the Company and will allow it to satisfy its legal and ethical responsibilities with regard to its networks and computer systems’ connect ivity to the worldwide Internet. Establish mechanisms that will support the goals of other existing policies. IV. Definition and Abbreviations Network resources - includes any networks connected to the CMS backbone, any devices attached to these networks and any services made

The British Raj and the India’s Caste System Essay Example for Free

The British Raj and the India’s Caste System Essay The Indian caste system, known as Varnas, is a centuries old system of social stratification. It is a strict hierarchal system that determines a person’s occupation for them. It also determines what they can wear, who they can talk to, who they can marry. Those on the top of the pyramid have all the wealth, power, and prestige, while those on the bottom are treated no better than the trash that is thrown away. It consists of four Varna’s: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. There is also a class outside the Varna’s historically called the untouchable’s. The caste system is an ancient cultural tradition that is so deep-rooted in the India cultural, and backed by historical and religious text. After the conquering Aryans established themselves as the ruling class, they adapted a caste system that would keep the Aryan’s in positions that would bring them wealth and prestige, and keep those they conquered subordinate to them. To strengthen their power, the Aryans were able to enforce their strict social rules through religious texts and the Hindu ideals of Varnas and Karma. It has been exploited and altered throughout the centuries by invaders, conquerors, and colonizers to prevent unification for their own benefit. Some may argue that the British created the modern caste system to benefit themselves, however, If anything, the British tried to alter a system they saw as unjust to give all Indians equal rights and equal opportunity. The modern caste system has its roots in the Islamic-Hindu era. Outside the ancient Hindu texts, The Bhagavad Gita, translated by Eknath Easwaran, I use mainly secondary sources to prove my thesis, that the modern caste system has its roots in the Islamic-Hindu era. I think history speaks for itself it the numerous studies done by scholars: such as the Wiser’s who studied the caste system in tribes virtually untouched by the British; and Brian Smith who studied how the ancient Aryan texts support the ideal caste system. It existed long before the East Indian Company landed on the shores of India, and I am proving that Nicholas Dirk’s argument that the caste system is the result of modern colonialism as invalid. Culturally, India has been very diverse; India culture varies depending on the location you go to in the beautiful and vast country. Even though there are many different ethnic groups in India with their own social and cultural identities—they dress differently, speak different languages, have different religions, and eat different foods—depending on the region they are from, they all have the same â€Å"temperament.† They share the same values and â€Å"common bond† that shows a national cultural identity. The lifeline of that common bond is the Varnas, which evolved into the Indian caste system. Despite what religion Indian’s follow, their cultural values are highly influence by the great Indian epics: The Vedas, the Ramayana, and the Mahabharata. Religious and spiritual thought has evolved from the Vedas, and reinforced cultural traditions. Many Indian Christians may still live by Hindu doctrines, such as the Doctrine of Karma, or practice meditation. These aren’t necessarily considered religious practices to all, but are cultural practices, or philosophies. The Indian cast system is so deeply embedded into this national cultural identity, and widely accepted as part of the Indian culture, that it is hard for Indians to escape it. As Nicholas Dirks says in his book Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India† Caste defines the core of Indian tradition.† India’s rich heritage can be seen in their literature; through the great epics: the Vedas (3000 BC-1000 BC), the Ramayana (1500 BC) and the Mahabharata (1000 BC). The Vedas weren’t only religious texts, but a prototype that philosophers and religious leaders used seek their beliefs; or law makers used to create a social and political lifestyle, such as the case with the Indian caste system. The Vedas seeks universal truths of cosmic functioning at all levels of existence. Knowledge and the identity of oneself in emphasized throughout its pages. The Puranas were later written to present and explain the â€Å"truth† of the Vedas. People pulled out what they wanted from it and used it to fit their needs. The Ramayana and the Mahabharata are both â€Å"epics of the people;† they are ethnic stories that have been orally transmitted over the centuries and recorded in a collective text. They â€Å"reflect the ethos and the psyche† of the Indian people. These great epics have shaped India’s values, beliefs, and lifestyles. They are the origins of the social, religious and cultural history of India. The caste system didn’t arrive with the British East Indian Company in the 1700’s, but between 1500 and 2000 B.C., when nomads known as the Aryan’s started to migrate through the Hindu Kush passes and down into the Indus Valley. These tall, light skinned warrior types quickly subdued the short, dark-skinned indigenous peoples of northwestern India. These people, known as the Dravidian’s fled to the south for refuge. Taking control of their new domain, they forced their â€Å"Divine Knowledge†Ã¢â‚¬â€recorded later in the Vedas (1200-600 B.C.)—on their new subjects. The Rig Veda (1300-100 B.C.) was the main religious and socio-economic text. These philosophical and religious texts were said to have originated from the Gods—Aryan Gods—and later texts dated 600 to 400 B.C. were written by the Divine. Because of the domination of the Aryan people and the popularity of these texts, the period between 1500 B.C. and 500 B.C. is known at the Vedic period of Indian history—and this is where the caste system originated. Long before the Aryans arrived in the Indus Valley, they were already divided into three different classes: the warriors, the priest, and the cultivators; with the warriors on top of the social structure, and the priest, or Brahman, second. These light-skinned warriors had no desired to mix with the dark-skinned Dravidians that they had conquered. To prevent their ethic traits from being polluted by the dasyu, or slaves, they prohibited intermarriage between the two distinct ethnic groups; thus a fourth class was created to do most of the manual labor. As the Aryans and the local inhabitants mingled, Hinduism developed. The Hindu caste system would evolve from this ideal that ethnic traits, such as ones skin color determined ones social position—with lighter skin on the top, and those with darker skin on the bottom, and reinforced by the religious philosophies of the Vedas. Before the Vedic civilization of the Aryans, archaeological evidence suggests that the Harappan civilization was composed of many kinds of ethnic groups that were divided into different classes depending on their wealth. Because of evidence such as a permanent and sophisticated city structure and a â€Å"uniformity of weights and measures,† it is widely believed that this heterogeneous population had a centralized government who was ruled by a group of people, perhaps Brahmin, or priest. However, some people don’t believe that there was a centralized government at all since there were no holy temples uncovered, that the evidence just points to a sophisticated trade system. This second group believes that the Aryans weren’t invaders, but a group that lived amongst the existing Harappan civilization, who became powerful and were able to dominate the others. According to Robert Heine-GeldernIt, the second isn’t likely, because archeological evidence points to a people who were of Western origin; perhaps Transcaucasia. If the first were true, that would explain how the invading Aryans eventually adapted caste structure with the Brahmin class on top. After they already established themselves as the ruling class, over centuries, as they mingled with the indigenous peoples, they may have adopted elements of hierarchy of the local faith, with the priests, or Brahmin, on the top of the pyramid. There were four different castes, called varnas, in India: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. The highest caste was the Brahmins. They are the priests and philosophers. Originally ranked number two on the Varna system, but rose significantly above the warrior class to number one. The second ranking castes were the Kshatriya’s. They were initially warriors and highest ranking. The third ranking caste were the Vaishyas, they were the workers; farmers, artisans, metal workers, and trades peoples. The lowest ranking of the Varna’s were the Shudras. They are the peasants, servants, farm hands, and laborers. There were also subdivisions in every caste called jati, which further broke down people’s hereditary social status and occupational group. Historically, the vocation you went into was hereditary and passed down from your father. As the civilization expanded, sometimes one could get away with going into a different line of work, if it was within their same caste. The structure of the traditional Indian village economy was reliant on a hereditary caste system. William and Charlotte Wiser called it the jajmani system, where a wealthy Brahman landlord would provide annual sustenance of his harvest for services of the different village servants and artisans throughout the year. The heirs to each particular service member, whether it be the village barber, blacksmith, astrologer, accountant, doctor, or whatever their particular job was, would be expected to take over for their fathers. Women were only allowed to be married off to men in the same caste as they were. By keeping everything hereditary, those in power were guaranteed to stay in power, and their superior genes to remain unpolluted by lower caste. Within the Jamani system, there was no chance of upward mobility; each individual had a fixed economic and social status that was essential to village life. When the Aryans first arrived, the warrior class was on the top of the social structure, with the priest, or Brahmin, below them. As the conquering Aryans expanded eastward over the next five centuries, they took on some characteristics of the native Indians they had conquered, the tribal structure being one of them. Since it is known that priest-kings ruled the pre-Aryan Harappa, Wolpert suggests that the Aryans learned from their conquered subjects to place more value on the counsel of their own Brahmans. This â€Å"revelation† that the Brahmins had over the warrior class, and subsequently, the Raj who were born Kshatriyas, or warriors, can be found in the Rig Veda hymn, the â€Å"Sacrifice of the Cosmic Man.† Division of occupational group into castes was applied according to the ancient Aryan-Hindu book, the Rig Veda. According to legend of the â€Å"Sacrifice of the Cosmic Man,† the first super-being, Purush, allowed himself to be destroyed to create a human society out of different parts of his body: the Brahmins from his mouth, or â€Å"thousand heads†, the Kshatriyas from his arms, the Vaishyas from his thighs, and the Shudras from his feet. The highest caste was the Brahmins, who were the priest, because the brain holds knowledge. The second highest caste was the Kshatriyas, who were warriors, because the arms resemble strength. The caste below the warrior class was the merchants, known as the Vaishyas. These top three were considered â€Å"twice born,† their second birth making them initiated into the Hindu faith. On the bottom were the Shudras, or the peasants, or serfs, who were on their feet doing the manual labor, and considered too â€Å"unclean† to be born again. The â€Å"Sacrifice of the Cosmic Man† describes how the caste system came into existence, not as a human invention, but one created by the gods. Later, as the Aryans expanded and more primitive people came into the mix, they were considered too â€Å"polluted† to be part of the four-fold Varna system, and would become regarded as â€Å"untouchables.† Out of fear of being polluted by these outsiders, strict rules were enforced to prevent any contact with the higher castes; to include strict communal procedures. These rules were designed to isolate the untouchables from the rest of Hindu society, but at the same time enforce their need to do all of the â€Å"unclean† work that was too polluting for the rest of the more dignified classes; such as butchering of dead animals, or disposing of the dead. The Hindu doctrine of Karma further rationalizes the caste system as duties one is obligated to by birth. Karma is the â€Å"moral law of cause and effect.† The position on is born into is a reflection of how they were in their previous life; if someone is born into a lower class, than it is because of their bad Karma from a previous life. If one abides by the rules given to them in this life, they will move up in the next life. As Smith puts it, â€Å"one of the main entailments of the caste system is â€Å"the belief in Karma and the cycle of rebirth whereby ones social position in this life is ethically determined by moral actions in past lives.† This belief in reincarnation prevented people from questioning, or even revolting against, the caste system. The caste system received further religious approval in the Indian epic, The Bhagavad Gita; which is part of the Mahabharata. They â€Å"prove† that the caste system isn’t just man’s law, but divine law. In the Bhagavad Gita, the Hindu god Krishna says â€Å"the distinction of castes, guna, and karma have come from me. I am their cause† (4:13). When Krishna tells Arjuna that, â€Å"No creature, whether born on earth or among the gods in heaven is free from the conditioning of the three gunas. The different responsibilities found in the social order – distinguishing Brahmin, Kshatriya, vaishya, and shudra have their roots in this conditioning† (18:40-41), he is very clear that everyone must follow the caste system. He goes on to explain the guna’s, or acceptable qualities, in retrospect to the traits and roles of the four castes. By doing the duties one is born to, and not someone else, he can never come to grief—even if it is imperfect (18:42-49). Even though scholars like Dirk may argue that the caste system has its roots in colonization, ancient Hindu texts dating back to the Vedic age prove that the Indian caste system had its root deep in traditional Indian society long before the East Indian Company began to colonize India. The modern caste system has its roots in the Islamic-Hindu era. Under Munghal rule in the tenth century, many Indian’s weren’t encouraged to convert to Islam; it wasn’t until the 16th and 17th centuries that a mass conversion to Islam appeared. The religious system in India that was the basis for philosophical and ethical ideals that influenced the daily life of the India people did not have a name prior to the arrival of Islam in India. Even though there were many different religions in the different Indian communities at the time, they all had a common unity in their acceptance of the basic legends, myths, and moral teachings that formed the ideals, or world view, on the meaning of life. The name that Muslims gave this common religious unity was â€Å"Hinduism.† This disproves Dirks claim that â€Å"caste, as we know it today, is a modern phenomenon, that is, specifically, the product of a historical encounter of India and Western rule†¦making caste a central symbol of Indian society.† The Muslims made it the central symbol of Indian society when they named it Hinduism, to establish it separate from their Islamic society. As Muslims started intermingling with Hindus, it further complicated the caste system. Because Muslims rejected the Hindu belief of people born with inequality, the Bhakti movement sprang up from the 14th to 16th centuries; long before Dirks claims that the English started influencing, and putting a negative stigma, on the caste system. Inferior castes would find other forms of religious expression separate from Brahmin priest. Castes broke up, and new jati’s formed that would identify each caste based on their belief system. The great Indian epic, the Ramayana, that was popularized during the medieval period, describes how Rama and Krishna were incarnations of Lord Vishnu, and would repeatedly come down to earth and mingle with all of God’s people; not just the Brahmins. The Bhakti philosophers taught that all individuals, regardless of their status in life, could have an intimate relationship with God. This differed greatly from the Aryans concept that taught inequality in relation to God and only the priest, or Brahmins, could speak with God. Lower castes were even forbidden from reading the Vedas or entering Hindu religious temples. Medieval India also changed the hereditary occupation system. Men were no longer restricted to the position that was determined to them by birth. There was now chance of upward mobilization within each jati; not the main caste classification. Not just individuals, but Jati groups, were able to improve their status in society. In order to not go against religious teachings, families would have to save up enough money to pay poor Brahmin to preform rituals that would elevate the social standing of a particular family. They would then have to change occupations, and practices, appropriate to the social group that they were being elevated to. Another way to move up socially would be to serve in the military; military service wouldn’t necessarily allow you to move up to another Caste, but your jati (or social standing within caste) would move up accordingly. Life for Indian’s was very different under Islamic rule than it was under the Aryans. The arrival of the East Indian Company stirred up the traditional caste system; but it didn’t by any means â€Å"create† a modern caste system, as Dirks suggests; that was already underway with the arrival of Islam. The English tried to, either directly or indirectly, make life better for those that were discriminated against under a centuries old system of legal oppression. Even though the English had a hierarchy, people were able to upward mobilize and all citizens were bound by the same laws. Under the Indian caste system, there was no upward mobilization, people often died in the same caste they were born in. This was disrupted slightly during the arrival of industrialization and mass trade that the East Indian Company brought with it. The centuries old tradition of patriarchal hereditary caste occupation was disturbed by industrialization and imports from other British colonies. People whose occupations had a hand in producing goods that were now being imported or made in factories were now out of jobs. Factory jobs, or other Western type jobs, weren’t hereditary. They had no choice but to find new jobs, often jobs that weren’t classified under a particular caste, such as public works or factory type jobs. As English colonization expanded, there was further concern amongst the higher castes about intermingling between castes—especially where public works projects and service in the military was concerned. There was fear amongst the higher castes that physical contact between the pure and impure castes was inevitable in such crowded places as train stations, public wells, or closed quarters on ships. There were concerns amongst Hindu’s about serving in the British military. In the military, the â€Å"soldiers were of a different caste now—neither so fine, nor so tall as they were before.† In the military, the British were the only superior, and all Hindus serving were treated as if they were the same caste, having to work side-by-side with members of different castes. However, after the uprisings of 1857, sepoys who were of higher caste maintained their caste and religion. The later was extremely important, because any infringement on their religion could result in loss of caste. Those that continued to revolt were punished by having to clean the blood of the English men, women, and children, who were massacred. They were forced to do this dishonor, which would have resulted in loss of caste under their Hindu faith, before being executed for their heinous crimes. In this retrospect, the English used the Hindu caste system as vengeance for acts against their ‘white’ superiority. The British didn’t create the caste system, or intend to exploit it. They tried to make their new Indian subjects a functional part of their society, as well as rectify the aspects of the caste system they saw as unjust. Traditional Indian law was loosely based off of parochial and sacred law that was loosely interpreted by different Brahmin; there was no uniform justice system. There were also different sets of rules and laws for different castes. A lower caste could be severely punished for the same crime that wouldn’t be punishable for a higher caste. There is no doubt that the English exploit the caste system for personal gain, but they also made great strides in individual equality before the law. Under British Law, all individuals were equal before the laws; therefore if a higher caste and lower caste member committed the same crime, they were both subject to the same punishments; and discrimination against lower caste was now against the law. As the Rudolph’s say in there book The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India, the transformed state has helped, â€Å"India’s peasant society make a success of representative democracy and fostered the growth of equality by making Indians less separate and more alike.† In that retrospect, England colonization may have had a more positive effect on an already oppressive system. The spread of Christianity was promising for those born of lower caste. They were offered an education; that was formally punishable to lower caste members. Many of the lower caste and untouchables converted to Christianity to escape their given statuses. Those that converted were freed of their previous identity, and were no longer considered part of a particular caste; although their social status often stayed the same. This may not have alleviated their problems, but it was a step in the right direction. Those that converted to Christianity could now get an education, or apprenticing under a Christian missionary. They could now aspire to do something different than what they were ‘born’ to do. There was now the hope of a better life, that hadn’t existed before under Hinduism. Today people have mistaken Varnas for caste and treat them as identical. Varnas are God created and caste is not. Varnas are conditioned with one’s actions and desires based on Gunas. The caste is manmade. It is simply a social institution and can easily be changed and modified according to changing needs of society. Caste-by-birth was never the original intent nor it ever was the basis upon which the Varnas were constituted, Sutra says that a person should be engaged only in a field of activity that he is capable of doing. In 1891, the British established the Census of India as an attempt to better understand the caste system in relation to occupation, religion, and status. In 1935, the British in India finally came up with a list of four-hundred tribal groups and untouchables. Under British reform, they would be put on a list as Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, and would receive special privileges in order to â€Å"overcome deprivation and discrimination.† In that retrospect, the British government started affirmative action in India for those that had been oppressed under the centuries old Indian Caste System. The English threatened the Hindu way of life that had existed over centuries and was reinforced by Hindu scripture. When Muslims started mingling with the Hindus, the caste system was altered, but the basic beliefs of karma and existence remained a unifying factor. When the East Indian Company started colonizing India, they didn’t just stir things up, but threatened the religious aspect of the Indian caste system that kept those on the bottom subservient to the top castes. Without intending to, the English got the nationalist movement going; although it would go in two different directions depending on what side of the fence one was on. Mahatma Gandhi was an influential leader in the Nationalist Movement during British rule; he believed that he could change untouchability in the Hindu religion, and started calling them â€Å"Harijans,† meaning God’s children. When reform within the Hindu religion started to look bleak, Dalit leaders started to advocate for a separate electorate for the Dalit’s. On the other end of the spectrum from Gandhi was Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, who rose up from a community of untouchables and fought for political equality for Delits. Both continued their campaigns after Indian independence. But after independence, neither would be successful without the British to advocate for them. The British brought with them industrialization, urbanization, literacy, social mobilization, and political democracy. However, it is the Indian caste system today that is preventing India from progressing as a modern nation. Although people are now crossing vague occupational lines due to technology, India still has a long way to go to break the deep-rooted deep root belief that the Hindu religious texts, the Varnas, justify caste inequality as birth right. But thanks to the British, they got a kick in the right direction. Works Cited Armstrong, Karen. The Great Transformation: The Beginning of our Religious Traditions. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006. Print. Easwaran, Eknath. The Bhagavad Gita. Canada: Nilgiri Press, 2007. Print. Dirks, Nicholas. Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India. Princeton University Press, 2001. eBook. Judd, Denis. The Lion and the Tiger: The Rise and Fall of the British Raj. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. Print. Heine-Geldern, Robert. â€Å"The Coming of the Aryans and the End of the Harappa Civilization.† Man Vol. 56, No. 151 (Oct, 1956): 136-139. 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Joti Sekhon, Modern India (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2000), 48. [ 25 ]. Untouchables thought the name Harijan, that